References

Sources of the sample, the data and the classifications used in the dashboards

  1. Bostock, M., Ogievetsky, V. and Heer, J. (2011) ‘D3: data-driven documents’, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 17(12), pp. 2301–2309. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2011.185.
  2. European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2014) ‘Directive 2014/95/EU of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups’, Official Journal of the European Union, L 330, 15 November, pp. 1–9.
  3. European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2022) ‘Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of 14 December 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 537/2014, Directive 2004/109/EC, Directive 2006/43/EC and Directive 2013/34/EU, as regards corporate sustainability reporting’, Official Journal of the European Union, L 322, 16 December, pp. 15–80.
  4. Fama, E.F. and French, K.R. (1997) ‘Industry costs of equity’, Journal of Financial Economics, 43(2), pp. 153–193. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(96)00896-3.
  5. French, K.R. (no date) Detail for 49 industry portfolios. Kenneth R. French – Data Library. Available at: https://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pages/faculty/ken.french/Data_Library/det_49_ind_port.html (Accessed: 18 October 2026).
  6. LSEG Data & Analytics (2026a) Datastream: Worldscope fundamentals [Online database]. London: London Stock Exchange Group (Accessed: 18 October 2026).
  7. LSEG Data & Analytics (2026b) LSEG ESG scores [Online database], via Datastream. London: London Stock Exchange Group (Accessed: 18 October 2026).
  8. Natural Earth (2018) Admin 0 – countries, 1:50m cultural vectors, version 4.1.0 [Data set]. Available at: https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/50m-cultural-vectors/. Distributed as TopoJSON in: TopoJSON (no date) world-atlas: pre-built TopoJSON from Natural Earth [Software]. Available at: https://github.com/topojson/world-atlas (Accessed: 18 October 2026).
  9. Sustainability Reporting Navigator (2026) Sustainability Reporting Navigator (SRN) [Online database]. Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Accounting and Auditing. Available at: https://www.srnav.com (Accessed: 26 July 2026).

Data Availability

The sample of 1,056 European companies was retrieved from the Sustainability Reporting Navigator (2026) on 26 July 2026. Company master data, net turnover, total assets and number of employees for 2024 and 2025 are taken from Worldscope via Datastream (LSEG Data & Analytics, 2026a); monetary values are converted to euros by Datastream at year-end exchange rates. ESG scores are LSEG ESG scores (LSEG Data & Analytics, 2026b). Industries follow the 49-industry classification of Fama and French (1997), as defined by French (no date). NFRD and CSRD transposition status refers to the companies’ countries and Directives 2014/95/EU and (EU) 2022/2464 (European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2014; 2022). LSEG data are licensed and cannot be redistributed; SRN data may be used for non-commercial purposes only.

In-text Citation

(Sustainability Reporting Navigator, 2026)  ·  (LSEG Data & Analytics, 2026a; 2026b)  ·  (Fama and French, 1997)